June, 15, 2020 Cause and effect	
Different ‘cause’ verbs (1)	
topic	verb	examples	
negative events,
situations and
feelings - (вызывать) негативные события, ситуации, чувства	cause-вызывать, вызвать	The storm caused chaos / havoc / a lot of damage. 
Her remarks caused alarm/concern.
Her son’s behaviour caused her great anxiety / a lot of embarrassment	
positive and
negative changes- (вызывать) положительные и отрицательные изменения	bring about -вызвать, вызывать, повлечь	The discovery of X-rays brought about a revolution/transformation in medical science. The events brought about the downfall/collapse of the government.	
positive and
negative situations
and feelings- (создавать) положительные и отрицательные ситуации и чувства	create- творить, порождать	Her book helped create awareness of inner-city poverty.
Your presence on the committee is creating problems for all of us.	
sudden, often
negative, events-(вызывать) внезапные, часто негативные события	spark off - вспыхивать, вызывать, порождать, провоцировать	The announcement sparked off riots/demonstrations in the cities.
His wife’s absence sparked off rumors in the media.	
reactions from
people- реакции от людей	attract- привлекать, притягивать, навлекать, вызывать	His book has attracted a lot of criticism/interest.
The charity appeal attracted support from a wide range of people.	
results and effects - (порождать) результаты и последствия	produce-производить, вырабатывать, порождать	My comments produced the opposite effect to what I intended.
Her research has not yet produced any results, but we must wait.	
Causes and effects (2)	
The immediate cause of the problem was an
oil leak.	The underlying cause of the problem was a lack of
funds over many years.	
The government hopes to reduce/minimise the
impact of the new taxes.	The support she got from the Prime Minister
strengthened/increased the impact of her report.	
The new measures had an unexpected/unforeseen
outcome.	The new tax led to the predictable/inevitable
outcome that many people became poorer.	
The positive/beneficial effects of the changes
were soon apparent.	The negative/adverse effects of the changes were
not noticed immediately.	
The crisis was the direct/inevitable result of bad
economic planning.	One indirect/unforeseen result of the new laws has
been a rise in unemployment.	
immediate cause - непосредственная причина

reduce/minimise the impact- уменьшить / минимизировать воздействие

unexpected/unforeseen outcome- неожиданные/непредвиденные результаты

positive/beneficial effects- положительные / благотворные эффекты

direct/inevitable result- прямой / неизбежный результат	underlying cause- основная причина

strengthen/increase the impact- укрепить/ усилить воздействие

predictable/inevitable outcome- предсказуемый/ неизбежный результат

negative/adverse effects - негативные/ неблагоприятные последствия

indirect/unforeseen result - косвенный/ непредвиденный результат	
Common expressions for everyday events (3)	
collocations	examples	
cause an uproar- вызывать бурю негодования
suffer the consequences - страдать от последствий

have a huge effect- иметь огромные последствия
have a major impact-оказать значительное влияние
make/create a bad impression - произвести/ создать плохое впечатление
have a lot of influence - иметь большое влиять 

cause a sensation- вызвать сенсацию	The book caused an uproar in the United States. 
If you make her angry, you’ll have to suffer the consequences.
The accident had a huge effect on her life.
Latino singers have had a major impact on pop music this year.
Remember that it makes/creates a bad impression if you’re late.
The drug companies have a lot of influence on doctors.
Their love affair caused a sensation.	
Common mistakes	
To affect means ‘to have an influence on someone/something, or to cause them to change’. (Her death affected everyone deeply.) To effect means ‘to achieve something / make something happen’. (We are trying to effect a change in the way people think about their diet.) The noun effect(s) refers to the result(s) of something. 
(His stressful life has had an effect on his health.)	To affect -значит "оказывать влияние на кого-то/что-то или заставлять их меняться". (Ее смерть глубоко затронула всех.) To effect означает "достичь чего-то / заставить что-то произойти". (Мы пытаемся изменить отношение людей к своему рациону питания.) Существительное effect(s) относится к результату(ам) чего-либо. (Его напряженная жизнь повлияла на его здоровье.)	
Exercise 1. Complete each sentence with a verb from A. Use each verb once only.

1 The film has .............................................. a lot of criticism, both positive and negative.
2 The extra work Olga’s had to do has .............................................. her a lot of stress.
3 The experiment didn’t .............................................. the results we’d expected.
4 David Line wrote an excellent article on the factors that .............................................. .............................................. the collapse of the Soviet Union.
5 The rise in the price of fuel has .............................................. .............................................. a series of protests.	
Exercise 2. Choose the correct collocation. 

Book Review: Rhoda Legge Her Story

I’ve just been reading the very interesting biography of Rhoda Legge, an early star of silent films. She isn’t generally well-known now but she caused a(n) (1) impression / sensation / outcome in the 1920s when she had an affair with a minor member of a European royal family. This turned out to have a (2) major / principal / chief impact on her career. At first she was very distressed by the (3) effect / influence / uproar it caused in the press. However, ultimately, she did not suffer the negative (4) results / consequences / outcomes she initially feared. On the contrary, the affair had an (5) unpredicted / unknown / unexpected outcome. The (6) good / advantageous / positive effects of the affair soon began to make themselves felt as she began to be offered all sorts of interesting new roles. The affair (7) affected / effected / infected the way
people thought about her. The relationship lasted only a few months but it (8) produced / attracted / caused a sensation that (9) had / did / got a huge impact on her career.	
Все материалы из  книги "English Collocations in Use" by M. McCarthy, F. O'Dell.